Clinical pathology
-Clinical pathology is a medical science that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of body fluid eg- blood, urine, stool, csf, pericardial fluid, ascitic fluid, synovial Fluid etc.
Routine urine examination
Urinalysis:- urine analysis can be used to detect Certain diseases such as diabetes, gout, and other metabolic disorder as well as kidney disease.
composition of Normal urine
-Volume 600-2000 ml/day
➤ Average volume = 1200 ml/day
➤spacific gravity = 1.003 to 1.030
-PH=4.7 to 7.5
➤Average PH = 6.0
➤Total solid 30 to 70 gram [50% urea]
* following inorganic constituent are excreated Per 24/hour.
✓ sodium
✔ Potasium
✓ calcium
✓ chloride
✓ Sulfer
✓ urea
Creatine and uric acid
✔Harmone and enzyme are detect in small quantity
* Specimen
-Collection of urine. In first morning. Time some urine avoided then collect in strelize container.
Preservation:- It should be stored at 2-8°c in refrigerator Urinalysis should be examine with in one hour of Collection.
*There are three ways to urine examination
1.Physical
2.Chemical
3.Microscopic
1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
-physical examination of urine includes :-
1.color
2.odour
3.clarity
4. Volume
5.spacific gravity
6.reaction and PH.
7.Sediment formation.
Colour:-
-The normal urine is straw colour or pale yellow due to presence of urochrome pigment.
✔Abnormal urine colour in Jaundice dark yellowish.
✔In haematuria- reddish colour
✔-Abnormal urine colour in bacterial infection- black colour
odor:- normal urine odor is sweet or fruity smail due to presence of Ketone body.
✓ Contaminated wine with bacteria. may give pungent smail due to the formation ammonia
✓ odor of urine in infant musty odor
clarity:- normal urine usually clean.
✔ Abnormal urine may appear cloudy, turbid and smoky due to presence of leucocyte, epithelium and Red blood cell
Volume:-Average volume 1200 ml/day
✔Abnormal increase in case of polyuria -> 2500ml/day
It is generally observed in diabetes.
✓ Abnormal decrease in case of oliguria <500ml/day.
Specific gravity-Spacific gravity at a constant temp.same as distilled water (for same volume of urine) 1.003 to 1.030.
-High spacific gravity is called Hypersthenuria is fixed specific gravity = 1.010
-Low spacific gravity is called Hyposthenuria is fixed spacific gravity – 1-007-
–PH:- average PII:6.0
Sediment-urine contain solid parts then urine Collect and wait then seen the sediment of haviour component.
Requirement
-pasture pipette
-ordinary filter
-measuring cylinder
-Litmus Paper
-urinometer.
procedures
Observation of Colour, appearance, odor and Sediment by visualization
and smailing and note down on report paper. -Volume It is the measured by help of measuring cylinders- —PH:- is determine by the help of one drop of urine and litmus papers. – Spacific gravity determine by the urinometer.
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