ROUTINE URINE EXAMINATION (PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

-clinical pathology is a medical science that is concerned With the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of body fluid, eg- blood, urine, stool, csf, pericardial fluid ,ascitic fluid, synovial Fluid etc.

–urinalysis:- urine analysis can be used to detect Certain diseases such as diabetes, gout, and other metabolic disorder as well as kidney disease.

-Volume 600-2000 ml/day

– Average volume = 1200 ml/day

-spacific gravity = 1.003 to 1.030

-PH= 4.7 to 7.5

-Average PH = 6.0

-Total solid 30 ti70 gram [50% urea]

* following inorganic constituent are excreated Per 24/hour.

-sodium

-Potasium

-calcium                   

-chloride

-Sulfer

-urea

-Creatine and uricacid

–Harmone and enzyme are detect in small quantity 

-collection of urine. in first morning. time some urine avoided then collect in strelize container.

–Preservation:- It should be stored at 2-8°c in refrigerator

-urinalysis should be examine with in one hour of Collection.

– physical examination of urine includes description:-

1.color

2.odour

3.clarity

4.Volume

5.spacific gravity

6.reaction and PH.

7.Sediment formation.

Colour: – due to presence of urochrome Pigments.

-The normal urine is straw colour or pale yellow – abnormal urinne colou in Jaundish dark yellowlish.

– in haematuria- redish calour

-abnormal urine colour in bacterial infection- black colour

② odor:- normal urine odor is sweet or fruity smail due to presence of Ketone body.

– Contaminated wine with bacteria. may give pungent smail due to the formation ammonia

– odor of urine in infant – musty odor

③clarity :- normal urine usually clean.

-abnomal urine may appear cloudy, turbid and smoky due to presence of leucocyte,epithelium and Red blood cell

-Volume :-Average volume – 1200 ml/day

-abnormal increase in case of polyuria -> 2500ml/day 

-It is generally observed in diabetes.

-abnormal decrease in case of oliguria <5ooml/day. 

Specific gravity-Spacific gravity at a constant temp.same as distilled water (for same volume of urine) 1.003 to 1.030.

-High spacific gravity is called Hypersthenuria is fixeed specific gravity = 1.010

-Low spacific gravity is called Hyposthenuria is fixed spacific gravity -1-007-

–PH:– average PH:6.0

Sediment-urine contain solid parts then urine Collect and wait then seen the sediment of haviour component.

-pasture pipette

-ordinary filter

-measuring cylinder

-Litmus Paper

-urinometer.

– Observation of Colour appearance, odor and Sediment by visualization and smailing and note down on report paper.

-Volume It is the measured by help of measuring cylinder 

– PH :-  is determine by the help of one drop of urine and litmus papers.

–Spacific gravity – determine by the urinometer.

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